, \9 ^( g9 Y6 C' \0 A+ C' S例如: . N; X f( [; O. L3 F" h # S% N* T& D( l# _9 ~+ nMany people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)( _6 J4 @3 l$ q8 I% U
; l9 q0 B3 B- @3 gThree hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。) , ~7 Z6 ?+ G- b' U0 @) a9 {1 r4 g1 v" C, X* \1 }8 {; m
This news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)1 N+ \* c1 C; B5 h% a8 o
* F& U2 z9 Z- R' } q% U/ }The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) $ t# v! O. K% T; R& Z+ i# H+ W; R6 w% g; O! B3 S: N8 j
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。) 1 S- G( ]8 a' x7 Z0 L0 X9 a9 u& S: p% i R* Z
Mr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor)) U5 b( S' G9 D' m+ _. ]
9 }3 z9 }; s+ d- I5 s- KWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!). q, l0 ^2 [4 u& r) \& X, t
$ u5 d2 L# _) G- Y( A2 G
The charitable organization solicits for our annual donation. (慈善机构要求我们一年一度乐捐)(假如用 ask 代替 solicit,更浅白易懂。)(solicitation是名词)5 X7 M/ z4 S& [" z& O% R
. l. F! t% u Z, i, m! G3 c
We don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。) ' k% `3 `: S. R5 x! t5 R/ X' r; _0 L( Y7 }$ m1 M% U
Please act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 8 m+ k# m4 |2 x$ g0 {% ~ - I6 C7 h! y, L% [0 b/ l* ?6 F( d这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!; e1 R" Z* l0 g4 Q0 j" W; E, Y
4 \% H% p% Z* ^( [/ m: t5 |9 _* W
0 D$ ^) _8 D( p* Z" c2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。; A( {1 ~# S8 P. z" O
& Z0 B( e6 [- n {4 c; d例如: % V6 ?$ }" Y' b: ? J: n8 H5 S6 U* n* e
At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now)& r- O' P3 k, B$ m) K! D& q
: `$ ~- d/ m0 L9 eDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though)5 E% I; }3 P" @- h( e& f6 i9 x
0 ]& R! Z$ C$ E0 HI am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think) ! H3 Z& M2 D0 A: w% c C: P& U) y# }0 q4 l/ I" R8 t j- f
He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) ( M% ^% C& H; u s: f0 T4 Y4 A# ^- @( b7 ~* a
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)0 V$ z2 p7 H: o' L2 D# u
: i o% [& G$ ?5 H7 l: ~2 k* p. gShe shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer) # t$ S' G+ i: E& v1 [ " d6 w3 p% O% jI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生) ; \- W- K3 [1 l" N( y$ ~7 X: D- ~" i3 W' o8 d- M0 x
如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:& B5 g. A, U! H! q# Q* K
* C# q* M( F# ?3 ~& j$ UThe consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) ) t3 c1 j$ X# Q" @( _8 A% s7 g* ]
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)& p* Y {; Y. A1 ?
% v5 }! B- o5 K0 y' g2 A! F& v# sHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。)7 U- O* T: u4 H3 i$ P l" W: b
6 u' j" ~2 L" o9 C9 N& yHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味)9 j l- A0 Z1 k1 g1 p2 V( d4 V9 d
$ d! e3 _( J" ]. i4 XWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) , U& ~1 E+ C7 f4 S( N7 B+ V* m. b3 a8 f/ s
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) 7 [' ^8 a0 P8 p1 d7 y! {0 R- {! j- C3 J- K
写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.) 5 ~% M ?) i; _: C9 A " i# c# B m* H! I此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 - k7 T( q; b7 N3 j" c9 |- z5 S9 E0 _5 r' v% B k1 |- W
: k: A5 }7 A3 [. h3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 2 P7 ~ Z' F V3 ^) @3 A4 N0 U/ q R3 t% p0 Z! \
例如: " o- c% R* Q, ] ) a ^. ]% _6 XMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数) 5 o5 n0 v0 a" J' x/ X+ `( C. ]+ p1 }3 J8 ]( i7 }8 n% V5 O
Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources) / m2 t3 ^+ d! E3 W7 Y 3 ^6 i$ e# H( ]% k* WThis small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)/ f7 J, x# A A. f/ h1 M
8 V. |$ ?9 q! m8 X
He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。)2 Q0 B" |8 v* R
9 W) x7 Z; d: u- u
Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。) & i ?5 S: {+ a3 a % y+ [8 W7 L7 L8 w5 kPolicemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) ) t, u* }) D7 q. v - P* S3 O* v! P; b0 S% iCongressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)4 c$ }, s7 g& |7 b6 W* E
& `. M6 d [- _1 H4 uStewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。)- r2 m$ S# C& z! V
8 F; z: s! | Z; j- W' L同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 7 G/ B! o& C% T/ e8 b1 R5 J6 l2 i/ N) ~2 T( r- @
当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如: 8 q; S3 U, F1 a% E4 [% [6 \: a1 C9 V4 C
对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用 Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法是 Afro-American 或 African-American;( e% I, K8 {; ^$ r" {5 a
1 z7 F& s" f8 b% W: G0 J) Z对白人不要用 Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people; , B7 {& c% c3 m5 T 6 z+ q! a& u) ~6 X9 q4 k对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫 Jewish 或 Jewish people; 3 X3 w( v9 T6 k M+ }! q/ u9 O * e7 v0 ~5 U! p! c% I对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese; " g/ N- o- O* k& s . `' U1 d( i( a至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是 Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称为 Spaniard。 更多信息请访问: # l* i2 N+ ]& e5 H% i/ K4 p 4 X* R) M9 A' o$ S8 O2 v, b- B' G还有黑白结婚的孩子,也不可称为 Oreo(Oreo 饼乾外面是巧克力,里面是白奶油)。% O% X- A6 I, C% E! M
' P/ j6 c8 d3 o5 _2 ~+ V
有偏见的老外,不叫华人为 Chinese,而叫 Chink 或 Chinaman(从前还叫「Yellow Peril」,即黄祸)。遇到这种事,怎么办呢?我建议:「君子不与小人斗」,最好是「不理」(ignore)或「走开」(walk away)。不过老外与你谈话时,如果使用这些不礼貌的字眼,那么你就可以说:「For your information,the word you just used is derogatory(或 inappropriate)to describe someone of my race.」(只想让你知道:你刚刚所用的字,来描写我的族群,是很不合适的)。* ]( a3 M( I* R$ \5 B* ]