本帖最后由 finder 于 2014-12-28 00:10 编辑 ( W) r; {0 ] {6 W7 y7 [/ h
, G" q3 I o$ s; k+ u* @转帖 9 @% {2 K% K4 {3 y! Z7 ]1. 尤其在商业上,报章杂志或公文书信上,尽量不用难字 (big word) 或过时的字眼 (old-fashioned word) . o. `( y8 J! F5 S) G5 i 2 ?( p& F- U r例如:4 C2 C3 o4 \& \# [1 b- L2 T) ?
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Many people feel that moral education is the infrastructure of higher learning. (许多人认为道德教育是高等知识的基础) (如果用 foundation 或 basis 代替 infrastructure 就更明白)+ Y4 `6 n0 u' W" y
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Three hundred acres of land is the parameter of our university,s expansion (growth). (三百英亩的土地是本大学发展的限度) (如果用limit代替parameter,会更简单易懂。)0 ?# Z$ X) m) |3 V; e
* d: \3 q6 `. r8 sThis news has been disseminated all over the U.S. (这消息已散布到全美各地) (如果用spread取代disseminated,不更简单?) (动词时态是:spread, spread, spread)( x: z A$ w/ a9 ~4 j0 f* V: P
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The president of this college is not diminutive in size. (这大学的校长个子不小) (假如用small代替diminutive,不更明白吗?) # c" r K6 j1 m7 M& i" ?$ v8 ` N: s, b0 \
I have to elucidate this document to my staff. (我要向我的员工解释这份文件) (如用explain代替elucidate,也许更明白。)6 X( B% ?; w# E! H( l$ ^& s8 _7 a; f: \
% g- G6 a) {8 i8 K; ZMr. A will endeavor to be a physician. (A 先生想尝试当个医生) (如果用try代替endeavor,会更浅白。) (endeavour = endeavor) " H4 G% }- J" i. O5 x8 F % n6 v) e8 a- F0 t" J% g2 k! m% vWe hope to visualize world peace in the future. (我们希望将来看到世界和平)(如果用see代替visualize,也许更简单!), `: w2 i. {, C: s( V% h! U
, f8 T0 C+ W+ ~* bWe don't know what may transpire when we have a new boss. (当新老板来后,我们不知会有什么发生。) (如果用happen代替transpire,也许更明白。): Y/ O% J& ~; O' D1 c
# W- R. V( X7 q$ dPlease act as soon as possible on the aforementioned matter. (前面提过的事,请尽速办理。)(如果用 previous 代替古字 aforementioned 不是更明白?) 1 ~$ q/ B2 @9 o% G+ @2 |: P. ~5 l- v. Y( l9 i
这就像美国大文豪马克吐温 Mark Twain 也曾说过:「我不愿在字典里找长字或难字,我绝不用『metropolis』这个字,因为我同样可以用『city』这个字来代替」。罗斯福总统为了强调美国政府不会遗忘那些穷人,在一篇讲词里用了这么一句:「We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive society.」后来被人批评咬文嚼字,卖弄文笔。如果用浅白易懂的字眼写成:「We are going to make this country in which no one is left out.」或「We are trying to make everyone equal.」也许更简单明白!5 g* f6 j4 Q* ^9 ]
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- {* u. |# s# I# g2. 老外也主张不写噜苏或绚丽的字眼(flowery or wordy),句子应该越短越好,一句能用两个字,绝不多加一个。 * ]1 ?( t1 Q- w7 ?8 o$ d! M$ u- s3 @* b# P# L
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At this point in time, we should pull together for our goal. (现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致)(如果说:Now, we should pull......更简单。因为 at this point in time = now) 3 x; M& T) u. |% K* d# q2 |; R% N 9 q7 O( c/ P/ F; w8 xDespite the fact that my English is not very good, I am not discouraged. (虽然我的英语不好,但我不灰心。) (如果说:Although my English is not...... 就更简短。因为despite the fact tha t= although = Though) ( C2 D- Z: Y6 z! a" S2 s2 u) C3 N+ b4 C( c
I am of the opinion that Mr. Lee should resign from this position. (我想李先生应该辞职) (假如说:I think Mr. Lee should......不是更简单吗?因为I am of the opinion = I think)7 e- e/ z" I5 P! g. a+ t. t; C
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He quitted the job due to the fact that he was sick. (他由于生病而辞职) (若说:He quitted the job because he was sick. 更简单。因为 due to the fact that = because) 5 Y G+ H% u* g+ ?# { ]( | h. _2 W$ E+ U2 q+ f
In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the office.(他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室) (如果说:Usually, he likes to ride...... 更简单。因为 in the majority of cases = usually)- d. u- T* A$ T4 W1 O
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She shows a preference for tea rather than coffee. (她喜欢茶而不是咖啡) (若说:She prefers tea rather......更简短清楚,因为 show a preference for = prefer)$ N6 T! s5 a1 [2 j4 I; O3 K
& t- w4 E, k, Y1 @( d# oI will bring the matter to the attention of Mr. Wang. (我要通知王先生)% j$ m n0 N7 V9 ^' Y: Y- {- r
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如果只说:I will tell Mr. Wang (about the matter). 不是更简单吗?因为 bring the matter to the attention of = tell = inform) (句子最后面:「about the matter」可以省去); 同理,也要避免意义的重复或用字的多余 (redundant); 例如:; I# H! U% K( N
6 i7 K3 K9 C3 n2 h4 e& |The consensus(of opinion)is that we have to act right away.(大家认为我们必须立即行动)(of opinion 可以省去,因为 consensus 的意思,就是大家的意见。) 1 a9 j7 `0 \2 l7 s) p4 P$ Z' N8 w
The letter shows that the problem(continues to)remain unsolved.(他的信显示问题尚未解决)(continue to 是多余的字,因为 remain 已经有 continue 的含意。所以句子就成为:The letter shows that the problem remains unsolved.)# A5 e" O1 J* i; `/ L
7 `3 W" f5 e, c' R N+ RHe has made his (final) conclusion in his speech.(他在演说里做出结论) (final 是多余的字,因为 conclusion 已经含有 final 的意思。); k3 E$ t9 g u3 u
3 X G+ `! N, h2 h8 P# pHe has had many years of (actual) experience in business。(他有多年经商的经验) (actual 也是多余的字,因为 experience 已有 actual 的意味) ; t z3 B' n: v9 H( c7 b 9 \; [5 A) D2 a& u; H7 a; IWe assembled (together) all the parts for our radio.(我们装好收音机的零件)(因为 assemble 本身就有 together 的意思,所以 together 是多余的) 2 e" W' g7 _" D, ~- b1 G0 R, v6 w9 Y6 c
Enclosed (herewith ) please find the report of the meeting.(herewith 是多余的字,因为 enclosed 就有 herewith 的意思)(即:附上会议报告,请查收) ) U6 w# _9 ]2 c" i - J: N, j2 p" w# ?% E4 v写到这里,想起一位深受美国人民爱戴,一向主张不写长句、不噜苏的美国已故参议员 Stephen Young,他每次受邀参加会议、演讲、宴会时,他的回信只有三个字「我会到」(I'll be there)......。也有人打趣的说:「讲演或写作的句子,就像穿迷你裙,愈短愈好。」(Like wearing mini-skirt, sentences in speech or writing should be the shorter, the better.): l, L, L$ V6 z. s2 Y
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此外还有:in reference to = about;draw to close = end; at an early date = soon等。 ' G6 I' e9 t" e9 E. P/ x4 _ U. X2 g7 [9 ^
/ @8 l. e$ M# D. w, Q% k6 n 3.老外为了族群和谐相处,除不用歧视或偏见的字眼外,连男女性别,也要避免区别,以示「平等」。 1 Z/ F" w {% N6 D/ F6 ~# i$ w' B; a5 @. [$ O8 [
例如: $ L% Q1 i T }5 |; ?5 A: c$ ~& e* b % w' f( v1 y! g, j! bMankind are considered the smartest animals in the world。(人类是世上最聪明的动物)= Man is the smartest animal......。 (如果改为:Human beings are considered the smartest animals...... 就能包括男女。所以 mankind = man = human beings) (注意:mankind 后面动词要用多数,而 man 的后面动词,则用单数)* U: j& C4 J# X! I
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Manpower seems not strong enough in developing our economy here. (发展这里的经济,似乎缺乏人力资源。)(如果说:Labor power seems not strong enough... 也就没有「男性主义」的感觉。可见 manpower = labor power = work force = human resources)2 l: i% f& c0 C; O$ T+ m% ~' C" G
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This small company hired a cleaning woman yesterday.(这个小公司昨天请来一名清洁女工)(如果说:This small company hired an office cleaner...也就没有男女之分了)" q4 w' m8 C7 a( L3 K( z/ e/ Y; A
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He (she) has been a committee chairman (chairwoman) since 1998. (自从1998年他就是委员会主席) (假如把chairman或chairwoman改为chairperson或chair,就没有男女之分。) (如指讨论会的主持人,也可称为 moderator 或 coordinator。); ]! X) {8 g8 m* }! m- q7 W" o
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Many businessmen (businesswomen) feel their jobs are very stressful.(许多商人觉得工作压力很大)(如果把 businessmen (businesswomen) 改为 business people 或 business executives 或 business managers 就可包括男女了)(凡是单数 man 或 woman,其多数都是 men 或 women。)' a9 N P# e! I) j: l* U
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Policemen (policewomen) should treat citizens with courtesy.(警察对人民应该有礼貌)(假如把 policemen 或 policewomen 改为 police officers 就可避免男女性别) 1 d: F" f5 P" I$ _# Q4 ^* Y% D. Q4 C; Z( d3 b, C+ v( B
Congressmen (congresswomen) should speak up for their constitutes. (国会议员应该为其选民说话)(constitute = voter) (我们也可以把 congressmen 或 congresswomen 改为 members of congress 或 congressional representatives)0 A' {2 ]3 ^( ^1 i k* N( f1 H% p
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Stewardesses for international regions may get jet lag sometimes.(国际航线的空中小姐有时会有时差疲惫的现象)(如把 stewardess 改为 flight attendant,就能包括男女空中服务员。) , X+ w" F$ I! W) g8 I, j" I' X( s$ t/ O" M6 ?1 a( G. |0 a& T4 N# L
同理,我们可以把 salesman 或 saleswoman 改为 salesperson;把 mailman 改为 mail carrier 或 postal worker;把 foreman 改为 supervisor 等等。 2 {% w. G! {! n1 e& l+ R& m5 ?" g7 K 3 ^) {7 w, J- t当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:. I& |' w1 ]$ c2 B& W* T' _